Ageing and health status in retirement: The three chapters
Written and accurate as at: Jul 09, 2018 Current Stats & Facts
Australians, and people around the globe, are living longer than ever before due to an increased awareness and understanding of the factors that influence our life span, such as genetics, health care, workplace health and wellness, hygiene, diet and nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle.
According to the latest statistics available from the Australian Bureau of Statistics*, a 65 year old Australian could on average expect to live until age 84.6 (male) or age 87.3 (female). In a retirement context, that’s an expected 19.6 years (male) and/or 22.3 years (female) that needs to be appropriately planned for as a single or couple.
However, it’s important to note that there are many factors, such as the ones listed above and how they relate specifically to an individual, which could see someone live above (or below) these quoted average life expectancies.
Retirement chapters
For many of us, we often imagine retirement as that chapter in our life when we can finally kick back and enjoy the fruits of our labours, which we worked so hard to accumulate. For example, we plan to make the most of the time and resources that we now have at our disposal by doing and seeing the things that may not have been possible earlier in life for one reason or another (e.g. due to personal and/or work-related constraints).
Importantly, this image of retirement is really only half (or in fact a third) of the overall picture of the retirement ‘lifecycle’. When it comes to ageing and health status in retirement, retirees will often experience three chapters as they progress through their retirement years:
- The early (active) chapter,
- The middle (passive/sedentary) chapter, and
- The late (frail/support) chapter.
These three chapters follow on from two preceding ‘life’ chapters, accumulation and transition to retirement (where applicable). Please see the below table for a summary of the three retirement chapters.
| Ageing and health status in retirement: The three chapters#^ | |||
| Chapter |
Early (active) |
Middle (passive/sedentary) |
Late (frail/support) |
| Age | 60-75 | 65-85 | 75+ |
| Time | Continuation of pre-retirement lifestyle, but work is substituted with more time for leisure activities, travel, and family | A shift towards more passive activities and travel becomes increasingly more localised i.e. closer to home | As restricted mobility starts to become an increasingly limiting factor, leisure activities and travel are further reduced |
| Work | May undertake some form of part-time work | May undertake some form of unpaid volunteer/charity work | Reduced ability to work in either a part-time or volunteer/charity capacity |
| Finances | Increased expenditure on leisure activities and travel, but majority still save money |
Increased expenditure on health and potentially a shift towards a more frugal lifestyle |
Increased expenditure on health and aged care |
| Housing |
Comfortable living in standard dwelling. Consequently, will often stay in existing home (may undertake renovations) or upgrade |
Increasingly difficult to maintain existing home and growing need for age-appropriate layout and facilities. As such, a need for ‘right-sizing’ may emerge, which may result in downsizing or home modifications |
Growing need for more complex medical facilities, which may result in movement into a residential aged care facility (retirement village or nursing home) |
| Care | Self-sufficiency in daily living and care needs | Mind and body begin to slow down. As such, a growing need for assistance with daily living, which may result in low to moderate levels of home care | Mind and body have declined significantly. As such, a growing need for specialised care, which may result in moderate-high levels of home care or movement into a residential aged care facility |
As you can see from the table above, these three chapters do overlap in terms of the age ranges. This is cognisant of the fact that whilst increased age is often a determining factor with regards to a decline in physical and/or mental health, the point in which it does start to occur, and progress, can vary from one person to the next.
Importantly, despite this overlapping, what each chapter does serve to highlight is that:
- There is a distinction between ‘life expectancy’ and ‘healthy life expectancy’. For example, according to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare*#, on average, at age 65,
- Males could expect to live 8.7 years without disability and another 10.4 years with some form of disability, including 3.7 years with severe or profound core activity limitation.
- Females could expect to live 9.5 years without disability and another 12.5 years with some form of disability, including 5.8 years with severe or profound core activity limitation.
- As a retiree’s health does decline, there are implications on a variety of areas, such as time, work, finances, as well as their housing and care needs. This point is briefly highlighted in our article, “Retirement living: How much is enough? (It depends)”.
Moving forward
Whilst retirement is something to look forward to (and be enjoyed), it’s important to understand that there will come a time in your retirement years when your age will start to get the better of your mental and/or physical health, which will have a range of implications as seen above.
By understanding this, you will have a more informed expectation of what retirement may actually entail for you and be able to appropriately plan for it, especially in several relevant areas of your personal finances. For example:
- Retirement savings considerations, such as income and expenditure (e.g. changes in spending habits and retirement lifestyle, as well as senior concessions available) and the risks facing retirees (e.g. longevity and expenditure risk).
- Aged care considerations, such as the type, level and cost of aged care services required (e.g. Commonwealth Home Support Programme, Home Care Package and Residential Aged Care) and what to do with the family home (e.g. sell it or keep it and rent it out/not rent it out).
- Estate planning considerations, such as a will, powers of attorney, guardianship, advanced care directives, as well as wealth transfer.
Importantly, if you have any questions about what we have discussed in this article, please contact us.
*Australian Government, Australian Bureau of Statistics. Life Tables, States, Territories and Australia, 2014-2016.
^Australian Government, Productivity Commission. (2015). Housing Decisions of Older Australians.
#Rice Warner. (2014). Investing for different phases of retirement.
*#Australian Government, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2014). Healthy life expectancy in Australia: patterns and trends 1998 to 2012.